demyelination
Demyelination is incorrectly often equated to multiple sclerosis, whereas in reality it is a generic pathological term simply describing, as the word suggests, the loss of normal myelin around axons in the central nervous system. This should be distinguished from dysmyelination where the formation of normal myelin is absent.
Primary
Primary demyelinating disorders include:
- clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)
- first symptomatic episode which may or may not progress to MS
- multiple sclerosis (MS)
- can only be diagnosed if the McDonald diagnostic criteria (or accepted alternative) are met
- variants include
- tumefactive multiple sclerosis
- acute malignant Marburg type
- neuromyelitis optica (Devic disease)
- Schilder type (diffuse cerebral sclerosis)
- Balo concentric sclerosis (BCS)
- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
- monophasic usually post viral acute demyelination
- often considered a secondary form of demyelination
- transverse myelitis
- chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
Infective
- progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
- HIV encephalitis / HIV dementia complex / HIV associated myelopathy
- progressive rubella panencephalitis
In most cases, toxic and metabolic disease which affect the white matter are considered separately but for the sake of completeness, they are listed below.
Toxic
- osmotic demyelination syndrome
- posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)
- chemotherapy
Metabolic/genetic
- leukodystrophies
- sometimes classified as leukodystrophies
Ischemic
Although not referred to as demyelination many processes which cause ischemia lead to demyelination:
- deep white matter ischemia
- radiotherapy changes
Siehe auch:
- Transverse Myelitis
- Zentrale pontine Myelinolyse
- Encephalomyelitis disseminata
- CADASIL
- Neurolues
- Leukodystrophie
- posteriores reversibles Enzephalopathiesyndrom
- Progressive multifokale Leukenzephalopathie
- white matter disorders
- Balo concentric sclerosis
- Morbus Alexander
- HIV-Enzephalopathie
- Morbus Charcot-Marie-Tooth
- hypomyelinating disorders
- Vitamin-B12-Mangel
- Metachromatische Leukodystrophie
- adrenoleukodystrophy
- Akute disseminierte Enzephalomyelitis
- Neuromyelitis optica
- chronische inflammatorische demyelinisierende Polyneuropathie
- Chasing the dragon
- clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)
- Cockayne-Syndrom
- McDonald Diagnostic Criteria for MS
- Guillain-Barré-Syndrom
- radiotherapy changes
- Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease
- acute malignant Marburg type
- Morbus Canavan
- Miller-Fisher-Syndrom
- Kupfermangel
- dysmyelinating disease
- anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy
- Krabbe leukodystrophy
- HIV related white matter changes
- sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
- toxische Enzephalopathie
und weiter:
- mikroangiopathische Leukenzephalopathie
- Developmental Venous Anomaly
- Funikuläre Myelose
- Hirnabszess
- brainstem glioma
- kapilläre Teleangiektasien des ZNS
- extrapontine myelinolysis
- Leigh-Syndrom
- dysmyelinating disorders
- zerebrale Läsionen mit ringförmiger Kontrastmittelanreicherung
- hypertrophic olivary degeneration
- clinically isolated syndrome
- Neurodegeneration mit Eisenablagerung im Gehirn
- inkomplettes Ringenhancement
- sub acute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy
- Demyelinisation
- acute demyelinating plaque in cervical cord
- Migräne
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu Demyelinisierende Erkrankung:
