occipital condyle fracture

Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation.

Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless there is craniocervical junction instability.

Epidemiology

• relatively uncommon
  • reported in 3-4% patients with moderate-severe traumatic brain injuries
• mostly occur in the setting of high-energy trauma :
  • motor vehicle collision (most common)
  • fall from significant height
  • reported, but uncommon :
    • pedestrian trauma
    • assault
    • rarely with low-energy trauma, e.g. fall from standing in debilitated patient
• may occur as isolated injury or with additional skeletal injuries
  • +/- associated cervical spine fracture
• may be bilateral

Clinical presentation

History and examination are unreliable. A high suspicion should be maintained in patients presenting after blunt trauma with any of the following :

• loss of consciousness (low Glasgow coma score)
• occipital or neck pain (responsive patients)
• impaired craniocervical range of motion
• neurological deficit:
  • lower cranial nerve palsy
  • limb weakness
  • vertigo
  • diplopia

Mechanism

Occipital condyle fractures may result from blunt high-energy trauma to the head/neck, especially :

• axial compression
• lateral bending
• axial rotation
• direct blow

Each occipital condyle articulates along a shallow groove atop each lateral mass of C1 (atlas). This articulation is directly stabilized by :

• atlanto-occipital joint capsule
• alar ligaments (dens to each occipital condyle)

Injury to these ligaments may result in instability, particularly in the setting of additional injuries to the major craniocervical ligaments (occipitodental, atlantodental) .

Classification

The classification system generally used for occipital condyle injuries is the Anderson and Montesano system, which divides injuries into three types based on morphology and mechanism of injury :

• type I - comminuted (3-15%)
  • impaction fracture of occipital condyle
  • associated with axial compression injury
  • stable injury
• type II - basilar skull (25-50%)
  • basilar skull fracture extending into occipital condyle
  • associated with direct blow to lower skull
  • stable injury
• type III - avulsion (35-75%)
  • condylar avulsion injury at the alar ligament attachment
  • associated with forced contralateral bending and rotation
  • potentially unstable injury

Since the Anderson and Montesano system is purely descriptive, a more clinically-oriented classification has been proposed by Tuli et al. The latter incorporates MRI findings, and is tiered according to suggested management :

• type I - non-displaced fracture - may not require stabilization
• type II - displaced fracture
  • IIA - no ligamentous instability, may require external stabilization
  • IIB - ligamentous instability, may require surgical fixation

Radiographic features

The role of imaging is foremost to evaluate for craniocervical dissociation or other catastrophic (e.g. spinal cord) injury, and then to identify and stratify all lesser craniocervical injuries.

Plain radiograph

A lateral cervical spine radiograph is commonly obtained to screen for cervical spine injury in the setting of trauma. Occipital condyle fractures are rarely evident by x-ray .

CT

CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture . Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images.

Important aspects of evaluation include:

• occipital condyle integrity
  • comminuted fracture - suggests impaction
  • curvilinear fracture fragment along medial condyle - suggests avulsion, possible ligamentous injury
• atlanto-occipital articulation and atlanto-axial joint
  • alignment - asymmetry in any plane suggests instability (ligamentous injury)
  • joint spaces
    • occipitoatlantal joint - should be <2 mm
    • atlantoaxial joint - should be <3 mm
• evaluation for spinal canal narrowing
• evaluation for cervicomedullary or spinal hemorrhage
• other fractures
  • skull base
  • C1, C2

MRI

MRI is commonly performed after a craniocervical injury is initially identified. The primary purpose is to exclude spinal cord injury, although other specific indications include:

• evaluate for suspected major ligamentous injury
• surgical treatment planning in setting of known instability
• high-suspicion patients who cannot be reliably examined within 48 hours - even with initial normal CT

MR findings include:

• direct findings of condyle fracture
  • cortical disruption, fragment displacement
  • marrow edema
• occipito-atlantal joint effusion
  • effusion itself may be normal
  • joint space widening and hemorrhage (fluid-fluid level) are more specific for significant traumatic injury
• alar ligament injury
  • disruption, edema
  • there may be additional adjacent ligamentous injuries, e.g. tectorial membrane, anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes, prevertebral or nuchal ligaments
• retrodental hemorrhage

The following limitations of MRI should be considered :

• CT generally is more sensitive for fracture
• CT better for assessing craniocervical alignments
• MR cannot exclude craniocervical instability
  • limited sensitivity for ligament injury
  • individual ligaments not often discernible

Treatment and prognosis

The most important factor in management of craniocervical junction injuries is the status of the stabilizing occipitoatlantoaxial ligaments.

In the absence of obvious instability ligament disruption, most occipital condyle fractures are managed non-operatively with external stabilization . Isolated unstable fracture may be treated by posterior occipitocervical fusion .

When considered according to Anderson and Montesano types, Type I and II injuries are generally stable because the alar ligament and tectorial membrane are preserved, while type 3 is potentially unstable.

Non-surgical management typically results in mild residual impairment .

Differential diagnosis

• third condyle
• ossification of ligament of odontoid process

Siehe auch:

• Condylus occipitalis